Università degli Studi di Roma - La Sapienza

Sapienza University of Rome (Italian Università di Roma "La Sapienza") is a coeducational, autonomous state university in Rome, Italy. It is the largest European university and the most ancient of the city's three state-funded universities; Sapienza was founded in 1303, Tor Vergata in 1982, and Roma Tre in 1992. In Italian, sapienza means "wisdom" or "knowledge".

According to the Academic Ranking of World Universities published by the Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sapienza University of Rome ranks among top 30 european universities and as one of the best Italian Universities, together with the Universities of Milan, Pisa and Bologna.

History

La Sapienza was founded in 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII who issued the bull "In supremae praeminentia dignitatis" on 20 April, 1303, as a Studium for ecclesiastical studies more under his control than the universities of Bologna and Padua. The pope established it in order that Rome might become the fruitful mother of science.

In 1431, Pope Eugene IV completely reorganized the studium with the bull "In supremae", in which he granted masters and students alike the broadest possible privileges and decreed that the university should include the four Faculties of Law, Medicine, Philosophy and Theology. He introduced a new tax on wine, in order to raise funds for the university; the money was used to buy a palace that later hosted the Sant'Ivo alla Sapienza church, "La Sapienza."

The university's days of splendor, however, came to an end during the sack of Rome in 1527 when the 'studium' was closed, the professors were dispersed, and some were killed. Pope Paul III restored the university shortly after his ascension to the pontificate in 1534.

In the 1650s the university became known as Sapienza meaning wisdom, which title it retained until now. Pope Clement XI purchased some land, in 1703, with his private funds on the Janiculum, where he made a botanical garden, which soon became the most celebrated in Europe through the labours of the brothers Trionfetti.

During the 19th-century Italian revival, a new fervor animated university students. In 1870, La Sapienza stopped being the papal university and became the university of the capital of Italy. In 1935, the new university campus, planned by Marcello Piacentini, was completed. On 27 October 1935, the university became an aggregate of all the institutions of higher learning of university rank in the city of Rome. Since 1935 Sapienza University has been under the control of the Italian Government.

As of the academic year 2007/2008, La Sapienza consisted of twenty-one faculties and 140,250 students. The Alessandrina University Library founded in 1670 is the main library housing 1,500,000 volumes. Sapienza University has many locations in Rome, but is mainly situated in the Città Universitaria covering 439,000 square meter, near Termini Station. Outside of Rome the university has four campuses; Civitavecchia, Latina, Pomezia, and Rieti.

Faculties

The university is divided into 21 faculties:
1st Faculty of Architecture Ludovico Quaroni
2nd Faculty of Architecture Valle Giulia
Faculty of Communication Sciences
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Humanities
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Literature and Philosophy
Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Studies
1st Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
2nd Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
Faculty of Oriental Studies
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Philosophy
Faculty of Political Sciences
1st Faculty of Psychology
2nd Faculty of Psychology
Faculty of Sociology
Faculty of Statistics
School for Aerospace Engineering
School for Library and Archive Studies

Sapienza University of Rome ranked 183 in the 2007 THES-QS World University Ranking

Sapienza University of Rome ranked 190in the 2010 QS World University Ranking

University of Bologna

The University of Bologna (Italian: Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, UNIBO) is the oldest continually operating degree-granting university in Europe (or, more generally, the oldest outside the Muslim World), and the second largest university in Italy. The true date of its founding is uncertain, but believed by most accounts to have been 1088.

Since 2000, the University's motto has been Alma mater studiorum (Latin for "fostering mother of studies"). The university of Bologna received a charter from Frederick I Barbarossa in 1158, but in the 19th century, a committee of historians led by Giosuè Carducci traced the birth of the University back to 1088, making it arguably the longest-lived university in the West. The University of Bologna is historically notable for its teaching of canon and civil law, and has been ranked as one of the world's top 50 universities.

The University counts about 100,000 students in its 23 faculties. It has branch centers in Reggio Emilia, Imola, Ravenna, Forlì, Cesena and Rimini and a branch center abroad in Buenos Aires.

History

The University of Bologna was probably the first University in the western world. Its history is one of great thinkers in science and the humanities, making it an indispensable point of reference in the panorama of European culture.
The institution that we today call the University began to take shape in Bologna at the end of the eleventh century, when masters of Grammar, Rhetoric and Logic began to devote themselves to the law. In the nineteenth century a committee of historians, led by Giosuè Carducci, attributed the birth of the University to the year 1088.

The first recorded scholars were Pepone and Irnerio, the latter of whom was defined by the former as "lucerna iuris". With the advice of four doctores thought to be their pupils, in 1158 Federico I promulgated the Constitutio Habita, in which the University was legally declared a place where research could develop independently from any other power.

In the 14th Century, so-called "artists" - scholars of Medicine, Philosophy, Arithmetic, Astronomy, Logic, Rhetoric, and Grammar - began to collaborate with the school of jurists. In 1364, the teaching of Theology was instituted.
Dante Alighieri, Francesco Petrarca, Guido Guinizelli, Cino da Pistoria, Cecco d'Ascoli, Re Enzo, Salimbene da Parma and Coluccio Salutati all studied in Bologna.

In the 15th Century Greek and Hebrew studies were instituted, and in the 16th Century those of "natural magic", that is, experimental science. The philosopher Pietro Pomponazzi upheld the study of the laws of nature against the traditionalist position of Theology and Philosophy. A representative figure of this period was Ulisse Aldrovandi, whose contribution ranged from pharmacopoeia to the study of animals, fossils, and marvels of nature which he collected and classified.

In the 16th Century Gaspare Tagliacozzi completed the first studies of plastic surgery. But the golden era of Bolognese Medicine coincided with the teachings of Marcello Malpighi in the 17th Century, employing the microscope for anatomical research.

The University's fame had spread throughout Europe and it was a destination for many illustrious guests. Famous scholars and students included Pico della Mirandola and Leon Battista Alberti, who devoted themselves to canonical law. Nicolò Copernico began his astronomical observations while studying pontifical law. Paracelso, Raimundo de Pegñafort, Albrecht Dürer, St. Carlo Borromeo, Torquato Tasso and Carlo Goldoni all spent time at the University.

With the Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century, the University promoted scientific and technological development. In this period came the studies of Luigi Galvani who, along with Alessandro Volta, Benjamin Franklin and Henry Cavendish, was one of the founders of modern electrotechnical studies.
Following the establishment of the United Italian State came a period of great prosperity in which the figures of Giovanni Capellini, Giosuè Carducci, Giovanni Pascoli, Augusto Righi, Federigo Enriques, Giacomo Ciamician, and Augusto Murri stand out.

In 1888 the eighth centennial of the University was celebrated, with a grand ceremony where all the universities of the world convened in Bologna to honour the mother of universities, representing their common roots and ideals of progress and tolerance. The ceremony became an international festival of studies.

The University maintained its central position on the scene of global culture until the period between the two wars, when other countries came to the forefront in teaching and research. Bologna has thus been called upon to forge relationships with institutions in the most advanced countries to modernise and expand its activity. Among the many challenges which it has met with success, Bologna committed itself to the European dimension which has now led to adoption of the new university system.

Academics

Faculties

The primary objective of the Faculties of the University of Bologna is to define, organise and connect the academic activities of the degree courses. Corresponding to the defined scientific-disciplinary fields, the faculties are divided into one or more first level degree courses which are followed by specialised degree courses.

Advanced School of Modern Languages for Interpreters and Translators — SSLMIT — Forlì
Faculty of Agriculture
Faculty of Architecture Aldo Rossi
Faculty of Economics
Faculty of Economics — Forlì
Faculty of Economics — Rimini
Faculty of Education Sciences
Faculty of Engineering
II Faculty of Engineering — Cesena/Forlì
Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences
Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature
Faculty of Industrial Chemistry
Faculty of Law
Faculty of Letters and Philosophy
Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Pharmacy
Faculty of Political Sciences
Faculty of Political Sciences Roberto Ruffilli
Faculty of Preservation of the Cultural Heritage
Faculty of Psychology
Faculty of Statistical Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

University of Bologna ranked:

173 in the 2007 THES-QS World University Ranking

192nd in the 2008 THES-QS World University Ranking

174th in the 2009 THES-QS World University Ranking

176th in the 2010 QS World University Ranking

183th in the 2011 QS World University Ranking